Kamis, 17 November 2011

SOFTWARE

Pengertian Software (perangkat lunak) Komputer

Nama lain dari Software adalah perangkat lunak. Seperti nama lainnya itu, yaitu perangkat lunak, sifatnya pun berbeda dengan hardware atau perangkat keras, jika perangkat keras adalah komponen yang nyata yang dapat diliat dan disentuh oleh manusia, maka software atau Perangkat lunak tidak dapat disentuh dan dilihat secara fisik, software memang tidak tampak secara fisik dan tidak berwujud benda tapi bisa di operasikan.
Pengertian Software komputer adalah sekumpulan data elektronik yang disimpan dan diatur oleh komputer, data elektronik yang disimpan oleh komputer itu dapat berupa program atau instruksi yang akan menjalankan suatu perintah. Melalui sofware atau perangkat lunak inilah suatu komputer dapat menjalankan suatu perintah
Pengertian Software (perangkat lunak) Komputer
Software atau perangkat lunak komputer berdasarkan distribusinya dibedakan menjadi beberapa macam, yaitu software berbayar, software gratis atau free ( Freeware, free software, shareware, adware) .
Software berbayar merupakan perangkat lunak yang didistribusikan untuk tujuan komersil, setiap pengguna yang ingin menggunakan atau mendapatkan software tersebut dengan cara membeli atau membayar pada pihak yang mendistribusikannya. pengguna yang menggunakan software berbayar umumnya tidak diijinkan untuk menyebarluaskan software tersebut secara bebas tanpa ijin ada penerbitnya. contoh software berbayar ini misalnya adalah sistem microsoft windows, microsoft office, adobe photo shop, dan lain-lain.
Freeware atau perangkat lunak gratis adalah perangkat lunak komputer berhak cipta yang gratis digunakan tanpa batasan waktu, berbeda dari shareware yang mewajibkan penggunanya membayar (misalnya setelah jangka waktu percobaan tertentu atau untuk memperoleh fungsi tambahan). Para pengembang perangkat gratis seringkali membuat perangkat gratis freeware “untuk disumbangkan kepada komunitas”, namun juga tetap ingin mempertahankan hak mereka sebagai pengembang dan memiliki kontrol terhadap pengembangan selanjutnya. Freeware juga didefinisikan sebagai program apapun yang didistribusikan gratis, tanpa biaya tambahan. Sebuah contoh utama adalah suite browser dan mail client dan Mozilla News, juga didistribusikan di bawah GPL (Free Software).
Free Software lebih mengarah kepada bebas penggunaan tetapi tidak harus gratis. Pada kenyataannya, namanya adalah karena bebas untuk mencoba perangkat lunak sumber terbuka (Open Source) dan di sanalah letak inti dari kebebasan: program-program di bawah GPL, sekali diperoleh dapat digunakan, disalin, dimodifikasi dan didistribusikan secara bebas. Jadi free software tidak mengarah kepada gratis pembelian tetapi penggunaan dan distribusi. Begitu keluar dari lisensi kita dapat menemukan berbagai cara untuk mendistribusikan perangkat lunak, termasuk freeware, shareware atau Adware. Klasifikasi ini mempengaruhi cara di mana program dipasarkan, dan independen dari lisensi perangkat lunak mana mereka berasal.
Perbedaan yang nyata antara Free Software dan Freeware. Konflik muncul dalam arti kata free dalam bahasa Inggris, yang berarti keduanya bebas dan gratis. Oleh karena itu, dan seperti yang disebutkan sebelumnya, Free Software tidak perlu bebas, sama seperti Freeware tidak harus gratis.
Shareware juga bebas tetapi lebih dibatasi untuk waktu tertentu. Shareware adalah program terbatas didistribusikan baik sebagai demonstrasi atau versi evaluasi dengan fitur atau fungsi yang terbatas atau dengan menggunakan batas waktu yang ditetapkan (misalnya 30 hari) . Dengan demikian, memberikan pengguna kesempatan untuk menguji produk sebelum membeli dan kemudian membeli versi lengkap dari program. Sebuah contoh yang sangat jelas dari tipe ini adalah perangkat lunak antivirus, perusahaan-perusahaan ini biasanya memudahkan pelepasan produk evaluasi yang hanya berlaku untuk jumlah hari tertentu. Setelah melewati maksimum, program akan berhenti bekerja dan Anda perlu membeli produk jika Anda ingin tetap menggunakannya.
Kita juga dapat menemukan perangkat lunak bebas sepenuhnya, namun termasuk dalam program periklanan, distribusi jenis ini disebut Adware. Sebuah contoh yang jelas adalah program Messenger dari Microsoft yang memungkinkan penggunaan perangkat lunak bebas dalam pertukaran untuk masuk dengan cara iklan banner atau pop-up.

SOFTWARE

Software" redirects here. For other uses, see Software (disambiguation).
Computer software, or just software, is a collection of computer programs and related data that provide the instructions for telling a computer what to do and how to do it. In other words, software is a conceptual entity which is a set of computer programs, procedures, and associated documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. We can also say software refers to one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for some purposes. In other words software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation. Program software performs the function of the program it implements, either by directly providing instructions to the computer hardware or by serving as input to another piece of software. The term was coined to contrast to the old term hardware (meaning physical devices). In contrast to hardware, software is intangible, meaning it "cannot be touched".[1] Software is also sometimes used in a more narrow sense, meaning application software only. Sometimes the term includes data that has not traditionally been associated with computers, such as film, tapes, and records.[2]

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[edit] History

The first theory about software was proposed by Alan Turing in his 1935 essay Computable numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem (Decision problem).[3] The term "software" was first used in print by John W. Tukey in 1958.[4] Colloquially, the term is often used to mean application software. In computer science and software engineering, software is all information processed by computer system, programs and data.[4] The academic fields studying software are computer science and software engineering.

The history of computer software is most often traced back to the first software bug in 1946[citation needed]. As more and more programs enter the realm of firmware, and the hardware itself becomes smaller, cheaper and faster as predicted by Moore's law, elements of computing first considered to be software, join the ranks of hardware. Most hardware companies today have more software programmers on the payroll than hardware designers[citation needed], since software tools have automated many tasks of Printed circuit board engineers. Just like the Auto industry, the Software industry has grown from a few visionaries operating out of their garage with prototypes. Steve Jobs and Bill Gates were the Henry Ford and Louis Chevrolet of their times[citation needed], who capitalized on ideas already commonly known before they started in the business. In the case of Software development, this moment is generally agreed to be the publication in the 1980s of the specifications for the IBM Personal Computer published by IBM employee Philip Don Estridge. Today his move would be seen as a type of crowd-sourcing.
Until that time, software was bundled with the hardware by Original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such as Data General, Digital Equipment and IBM[citation needed]. When a customer bought a minicomputer, at that time the smallest computer on the market, the computer did not come with Pre-installed software, but needed to be installed by engineers employed by the OEM. Computer hardware companies not only bundled their software, they also placed demands on the location of the hardware in a refrigerated space called a computer room. Most companies had their software on the books for 0 dollars, unable to claim it as an asset (this is similar to financing of popular music in those days). When Data General introduced the Data General Nova, a company called Digidyne wanted to use its RDOS operating system on its own hardware clone. Data General refused to license their software (which was hard to do, since it was on the books as a free asset), and claimed their "bundling rights". The Supreme Court set a precedent called Digidyne v. Data General in 1985. The Supreme Court let a 9th circuit decision stand, and Data General was eventually forced into licensing the Operating System software because it was ruled that restricting the license to only DG hardware was an illegal tying arrangement.[5] Soon after, IBM 'published' its DOS source for free,[citation needed] and Microsoft was born. Unable to sustain the loss from lawyer's fees, Data General ended up being taken over by EMC Corporation. The Supreme Court decision made it possible to value software, and also purchase Software patents. The move by IBM was almost a protest at the time. Few in the industry believed that anyone would profit from it other than IBM (through free publicity). Microsoft and Apple were able to thus cash in on 'soft' products. It is hard to imagine today that people once felt that software was worthless without a machine. There are many successful companies today that sell only software products, though there are still many common software licensing problems due to the complexity of designs and poor documentation, leading to patent trolls.
With open software specifications and the possibility of software licensing, new opportunities arose for software tools that then became the de facto standard, such as DOS for operating systems, but also various proprietary word processing and spreadsheet programs. In a similar growth pattern, proprietary development methods became standard Software development methodology.

[edit] Overview

A layer structure showing where the operating system is located on generally used software systems on desktops
Software includes all the various forms and roles that digitally stored data may have and play in a computer (or similar system), regardless of whether the data is used as code for a CPU, or other interpreter, or whether it represents other kinds of information. Software thus encompasses a wide array of products that may be developed using different techniques such as ordinary programming languages, scripting languages, microcode, or an FPGA configuration.
The types of software include web pages developed in languages and frameworks like HTML, PHP, Perl, JSP, ASP.NET, XML, and desktop applications like OpenOffice.org, Microsoft Word developed in languages like C, C++, Objective-C, Java, C#, or Smalltalk. Application software usually runs on an underlying software operating systems such as Linux or Microsoft Windows. Software (or firmware) is also used in video games and for the configurable parts of the logic systems of automobiles, televisions, and other consumer electronics.
Computer software is so called to distinguish it from computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and devices required to store and execute (or run) the software. At the lowest level, executable code consists of machine language instructions specific to an individual processor. A machine language consists of groups of binary values signifying processor instructions that change the state of the computer from its preceding state. Programs are an ordered sequence of instructions for changing the state of the computer in a particular sequence. It is usually written in high-level programming languages that are easier and more efficient for humans to use (closer to natural language) than machine language. High-level languages are compiled or interpreted into machine language object code. Software may also be written in an assembly language, essentially, a mnemonic representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into object code via an assembler.

[edit] Types of software

Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes[citation needed]: system software, programming software and application software, although the distinction is arbitrary, and often blurred.

[edit] System software

System software provides the basic functions for computer usage and helps run the computer hardware and system. It includes a combination of the following:
System software is responsible for managing a variety of independent hardware components, so that they can work together harmoniously. Its purpose is to unburden the application software programmer from the often complex details of the particular computer being used, including such accessories as communications devices, printers, device readers, displays and keyboards, and also to partition the computer's resources such as memory and processor time in a safe and stable manner.

[edit] Programming software

Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs, and software using different programming languages in a more convenient way. The tools include:
An Integrated development environment (IDE) is a single application that attempts to manage all these functions.

[edit] Application software

Application software is developed to aid in any task that benefits from computation. It is a broad category, and encompasses software of many kinds, including the internet browser being used to display this page. This category includes:

Sabtu, 24 September 2011

BERBAGI TAK PERNAH RUGI

Sebagai umat muslim kita di wajibkan untuk saling berbagi, baik itu ilmu ataupun harta...
sesungguhnya Allah SWT sangat menyukai dan memuliakan orang yang berilmu selalu membagi-bagikan ilmunya...
maka itu dengan di buatnya blog ini untuk saling berbagi ilmu dan pengetahuan.,..